Page 192 Acute Pain Management

Lacassie HJ, Columb MO, Lacassie HP et al (2002) The relative motor blocking potencies of epidural
bupivacaine and ropivacaine in labor. Anesth Analg 95(1): 204–8.
Lacassie HJ & Columb MO (2003) The relative motor blocking potencies of bupivacaine and
levobupivacaine in labor. Anesth Analg 97(5): 1509–13.
Lavand'homme PM, Roelants F, Waterloos H et al (2008) An evaluation of the postoperative
antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of intrathecal clonidine administered during elective cesarean
delivery. Anesth Analg 107(3): 948–55.
Le LT, Loland VJ, Mariano ER et al (2008) Effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on
continuous interscalene nerve blocks: a dual‐center, randomized, observer‐masked, controlled study.
Reg Anesth Pain Med 33(6): 518–25.
Lee IO, Kim WK, Kong MH et al (2002) No enhancement of sensory and motor blockade by ketamine
added to ropivacaine interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46(7): 821–6.
Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN et al (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine‐induced
asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61(8): 800–1.
Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR et al (2008) Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local
anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 106(5): 1575–7.
Liu S, Carpenter RL, Mulroy MF et al (1995) Intravenous versus epidural administration of
hydromorphone. Effects on analgesia and recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Anesthesiology 82(3): 682–8.
Loffinia I, Khallaghi E, Meshkini A et al (2007) Interaoperative use of epidural methylprednisolone or
bupivacaine for postsurgical lumbar discectomy pain relief: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial.
Annals of Saudi Medicine 27(4): 279–83.
CHAPTER 5 healthy volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25(5): 502–5.
Lurie SD, Reuben SS, Gibson CS et al (2000) Effect of clonidine on upper extremity tourniquet pain in

Lyons G, Columb M, Wilson RC et al (1998) Epidural pain relief in labour: potencies of levobupivacaine
and racemic bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 81(6): 899–901.
Macias A, Monedero P, Adame M et al (2002) A randomized, double‐blinded comparison of thoracic
epidural ropivacaine, ropivacaine/fentanyl, or bupivacaine/fentanyl for postthoracotomy analgesia.
Anesth Analg 95(5): 1344–50.
Marchal JM, Delgado‐Martinez AD, Poncela M et al (2003) Does the type of arthroscopic surgery modify
the analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine and bupivacaine? A preliminary study. Clin J Pain 19(4):
240–6.
Markham A & Faulds D (1996) Ropivacaine. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in regional
anaesthesia. Drugs 52(3): 429–49.
Martin G, Hartmannsgruber M, Riley E et al (2006) Single‐dose extended‐release epidural morphine for
pain after hip arthroplasty. J Opioid Manag 2(4): 209–18.
Marwick PC, Levin AI & Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from
bupivacaine‐induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 108(4): 1344–6.
Mason L, Moore RA, Edwards JE et al (2004) Topical NSAIDs for acute pain: a meta‐analysis. BMC Family
Practice 5: 10.
Mather LE & Chang DH (2001) Cardiotoxicity with modern local anaesthetics: is there a safer choice?
Drugs 61(3): 333–42.
Mather LE, Copeland SE & Ladd LA (2005) Acute toxicity of local anesthetics: underlying pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic concepts. Reg Anesth Pain Med 30(6): 553–66.
Mazieres B, Rouanet S, Guillon Y et al (2005) Topical ketoprofen patch in the treatment of tendinitis: a
randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumato 32(8): 1563–70.
Mazieres B, Rouanet S, Velicy J et al (2005) Topical ketoprofen patch (100 mg) for the treatment of ankle
sprain: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Am J Sports Med 33(4): 515–23.
McCartney CJ, Duggan E & Apatu E (2007) Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral
nerve blockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32(4): 330–8.

144 Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence