Page 496 Acute Pain Management

Reeder MK, Goldman MD, Loh L et al (1991) Postoperative obstructive sleep apnoea. Haemodynamic
effects of treatment with nasal CPAP. Anaesthesia 46(10): 849–53.
Rennotte MT, Baele P, Aubert G et al (1995) Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the
perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea submitted to surgery. Chest 107(2):
367–74.
Reynolds F, Sharma SK & Seed PT (2002) Analgesia in labour and fetal acid‐base balance: a meta‐analysis
comparing epidural with systemic opioid analgesia. BJOG 109(12): 1344–53.
Rice AS, Pither CE & Tucker GT (1991) Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after supraclavicular brachial
plexus blockade in patients with chronic renal failure. Anaesthesia 46(5): 354–7.
Richtsmeier AJ, Jr., Barnes SD & Barkin RL (1997) Ventilatory arrest with morphine patient‐controlled
analgesia in a child with renal failure. Am J Ther 4(7‐8): 255–7.
Riley J, Eisenberg E, Muller‐Schwefe G et al (2008) Oxycodone: a review of its use in the management of
pain. Curr Med Res Opin 24(1): 175–92.
Roberts DM & Meyer‐Witting M (2005) High‐dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and
management strategies. Anaesth Intensive Care 33(1): 17–25.
Roberts LJ (2008) The opioid‐tolerant patient, including those with a substance abuse disorder. In:
Clinical Pain Management: Acute Pain edn. Macintyre PE, Walker SM and Rowbotham DJ (eds). London,
Hodder Arnold.
Rosario ED, Esteve N, Sernandez MJ et al (2008) Does femoral nerve analgesia impact the development
of postoperative delerium in the elderly? A retrospective investigation. Acute Pain 10: 59–64.
Rosen MA (2002) Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(5
Suppl Nature): S110–26.
Rozen D & DeGaetano NP (2006) Perioperative management of opioid‐tolerant chronic pain patients. J
Opioid Manag 2(6): 353–63.
Rudin A, Lundberg JF, Hammarlund‐Udenaes M et al (2007) Morphine metabolism after major liver
surgery. Anesth Analg 104(6): 1409–14.
Rudolph JL, Marcantonio ER, Culley DJ et al (2008) Delirium is associated with early postoperative
cognitive dysfunction. Anaesthesia 63(9): 941–7.
Sabers C, Plevak DJ, Schroeder DR et al (2003) The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for
unanticipated admissions in outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 96(5): 1328–35.
Sadean MR & Glass PS (2003) Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17(2):
191–205.
Salamonson Y & Everett B (2005) Demographic disparities in the prescription of patient‐controlled
analgesia for postoperative pain. Acute Pain(7): 21–6.
SAMHSA (2007). http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUHLatest.htm. Accessed March 2009.
Sartain JB & Barry JJ (1999) The impact of an acute pain service on postoperative pain management.
CHAPTER 11 Sator‐Katzenschlager S, Deusch E, Maier P et al (2001) The long‐term antinociceptive effect of intrathecal
Anaesth Intensive Care 27(4): 375–80.

S(+)‐ketamine in a patient with established morphine tolerance. Anesth Analg 93(4): 1032–4.
Savage R (2005) Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors: when should they be used in the elderly? Drugs Aging
22(3): 185–200.
Sax TW & Rosenbaum RB (2006) Neuromuscular disorders in pregnancy. Muscle Nerve 34(5): 559–71.
Scheinin H, Virtanen T, Kentala E et al (2000) Epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl reduces
perioperative myocardial ischaemia in elderly patients with hip fracture–a randomized controlled trial.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44(9): 1061–70.
Schmidt C, Hinder F, Van Aken H et al (2005) The effect of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on systolic
and diastolic left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesth Analg 100(6):
1561–9.
Scott JC & Stanski DR (1987) Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age.
A simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240(1):
159–66.
448 Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence