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Pharmacological Management of Pain in Obstetrics 133

be used. If a spinal approach is used, 10 to 15 mg of Websites
hyperbaric bupivacaine provides reliable anesthesia.
Hyperbaric lidocaine has fallen into disfavor because www.oaa-anaes.ac.uk
Obstetric Anaesthetists Association
of a high incidence of neurotoxic eff ects, even though
www.rcoa.ac.uk
these eff ects have been reported primarily in nonpreg- Royal College of Anaesthetists
nant patients. www.aagbi.org
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
www.eguidelines.co.uk
References Electronic guidelines
http://bnfc.org
BNF for Children
[1] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American
Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for perinatal care, 6th ed. 2007. www.bnf.org
[2] Larsson C, Saltvedt S, Wiklund I, Pahlen S, Andolf E. Estimation of British National Formulary (BNF)
blood loss after cesarean section and vaginal delivery has low va- www.world-anaesthesia.org
lidity with a tendency to exaggeration. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand World Anaesthesia Society
2006;85:1448.
[3] Penn Z, Ghaem-Maghami S. Indications for caesarean section. Best www.britishpainsociety.org
Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001;15:1. British Pain Society