Page 166 WHO - Guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illness

malignant 21 opioids for moderate, severe pain 42
measurement tools: see assessment tools pain assessment 27, 28
morphine PCA versus ketobemidone PCA, behaviour 27, 29
GRADE table 113 cognitive developmental level 27
national policy 56 preverbal children 27
barriers to medicines access 56 verbal expression 29
needs for ~ relief pain management plan 27
cost estimates 57–58 policy changes 10
advocacy costs, promotion and information research priorities 10–11
to general public 57 procedural 13
assessment, modification of policies, laws, recurrent abdominal 13
regulations 58 severity
equipment costs, to protect controlled definition 9
oipoids 58 sickle cell disease
medicine costs, storage and distribution episodic (acute) pain 25
costs 58 oral versus intravenous morphine,
quantification of needs 58 GRADE table 119
training costs - opioid procurement, side-effects of anti-retroviral therapy 24
supply, dispensing professionals 57 skin 24
training costs, health professionals 57 somatic 18, 22
needs assessment 57 deep 22
neuropathic 9, 13, 18–19, 22, 23, 24, 51 superficial 22
antidepressants as adjuvants 51, 98 treatment tailored to individual 40
carbamazepine 51 types excluded from guidelines 13
cause 18 types included in guidelines 13
central 19 types of ~ not covered 13
definition 9 visceral 18, 22
following amputation 13 pain management, improving 56
gabapentin 51–52 community health approaches 59
ketamine 147 levels of care, all 59
ketamine, use of 52, 98 pain relief services and opioid analgesics supply 124
local anaesthetics, use of 52, 98, 147 palliative care 59
peripheral 19 community health approaches 59
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors home-based care network 59
(SSRIs) 51, 96, 147 pain relief services and opoid analgesics supply 124
sensory dysfunction 19 pain, types of
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 51, 96, 147 excluded 13
use of adjuvants 51–52, 147 included 13
nociceptive 13, 18, 19–20, 22 paracetamol 86, 146
cause 18 ~ versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
types 18 (clinical question) 86
non-malignant 21 adverse effects 80
oral cavity 23 ATC 80
oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus dose 41, 80
intravenous morphine, GRADE table 109 children 41, 80
orthopaedic injury 115 infants 41, 80
oxycodone versus ibuprofen or oxycodone/ neonates 41, 80
ibuprofen combination, GRADE table 115 first-step medicine of choice 38
pathophysiological mechanism 18 formulations 80
PCA morphine versus IM morphine, GRADE table 117 GRADE profiles 105
PCA versus continuous morphine, GRADE table 118 hepatic impairment 80
perioperative 13 indications 80
persisting 13, 21, 40 interactions 80
causes 21 musculoskeletal trauma (~ versus ibuprofen,
definition 9 GRADE table) 105
evaluation, clinical 27 observational studies 125–126, 127
differential diagnosis 29 ibuprofen versus codeine + paracetamol 127
evaluation questions 29 IV paracetamol 125
pain history 27, 29 paracetamol versus ibuprofen 126
physical examination 27, 29 rectal paracetamol 125–126

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