Page 163 WHO - Guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illness

morphine (cont.) N
orthopaedic surgery 110
equianalgesic doses nalaxone 47, 76–77
versus fentanyl transdermal patches 66 adverse effects 77
versus hydromorphone 68 antidote to opioid overdose 47
versus methadone 73 ATC 76
versus oxycodone 79 contraindications 76
formulations 73, 85 dose 76–77
if unable to swallow 43 formulations 76
in EMLc 44 hepatic impairment 77
oral 43 indications 76
selection and procurement 44 interactions 77
global consumption 133 pharmaceutical profile 76–77
GRADE profiles 107–113, 116–119 precautions 76
hepatic impairment 75 renal impairment 77
indications 73 narcotic drugs 132
interactions 75 definition 9
intravenous PCA quantification of needs 133
versus hydromorphone PCA in mucositis pain 107 reporting needs Schedule I drugs 133–134
versus morphine IM in post-operative pain 117 national essential medicines list 43
liquid preparations 44 national medicines policies 43
observational studies 127 national policy 42
oral cost estimates 57–58
use of solid forms in cancer pain 116 advocacy costs, promotion and information
versus morphine IV continuously in sickle cell to general public 57
episodes 119 assessment, modification of policies, laws,
PCA regulations 58
versus ketobemidone PCA in post-operative equipment costs, to protect controlled oipoids 58
pain 113 medicine costs, storage and distribution costs 58
with background infusion, versus morphine as quantification of needs 58
continuous infusion in post-operative pain 118 training costs
pharmaceutical profile 73–76 health professionals 57
powder 44 opioid procurement, supply, dispensing
precautions 74 professionals 57
prolonged versus immediate release 90–91 distribution 137
recommendations 42–45, 88–91, 146 essential medicines, list 60–61
Recommendation 5 (first-line strong financing 56–57
opioid) 42–43, 88–89, 146 resources saved by treating pain 58
Recommendation 11 (oral, alternatives should needs assessment 57
be available) 44–45, 91–92, 146 prescription by nurses and clinical officers 60
Recommendation 8 (oral formulation, prescription opioid analgesics by health
availability) 43–44, 90–91, 146 professionals 59–60
Recommendation 9 (oral formulation, professional licence, handling opioids 59
prolonged-release) 43–44, 90–91, 146 quality of care 60
rectal administration 40 reporting system 137
renal impairment 75 research agenda 60
research agenda 129 risk of misuse and diversion 61
risk/benefit in children with persisting pain 89 sustainability 60
use in breakthrough pain 93–94 task shifting 60
use in moderate to severe persisting pain 42 regulatory environment, enabling 60
versus other opioids 88–89 WHO guidelines 55
versus buprenorphine in post-operative pain after Neonatal Abstinence Score 47
orthopaedic surgery 111 neonate
muscle spasm and spasticity definition 9
adjuvants 52, 147 dosage table 48
baclofen 52, 147 neuropathic pain
benzodiazepines 52, 147 see pain, neuropatic
use of benzodiazepines versus baclofen, non-pharmacological interventions
clinical question 99 beyond guidelines scope 13
musculoskeletal trauma (ibuprofen versus codeine, chronic and recurrent non-headache pain 122
GRADE table) 106 systematic review 99, 122

> 160