Page 159 WHO - Guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illness

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A arthritis (and other rheumatological diseases) 13
access to controlled medicines 131 ATC 7
availability of both paracetamol
acknowledgements 6 and ibuprofen (Rec. 3) 38, 86–87, 146
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (acronym) 7 availibility of alternatives (Rec. 11) 44, 91–92, 146
activities
physical and social (restrictions) 34
school-related 34 B
adjuvant analgesics (definition) 8 baclofen, use as adjuvant in muscle spasm
adjuvant medicines (see also specific medicines) 50 and spasticity 52, 147
adolescent barriers to medicines access 42, 44, 56
applicable recommendations 13 benzodiazepines, use as adjuvants in muscle
definition 8 spasm and spasticity 52, 147
adverse effects bisphosphonates 95–96
~of opioids 47, 63–81 as adjuvant in bone pain 50, 95–96, 147
acceptable degree 41 clinical question 95–96
AIDS 7 Recommendation 19 50, 95–96, 147
allodynia 19 buprenorphine
alternatives to morphine (Rec. 6 and 7) GRADE profiles 111–112
42–43, 88–89, 146 burns
amitryptiline 51, 96 pain 13
clinical experience 51 “by the clock” (dosing at regular intervals) 37, 146
use in neuropathic pain 51 “by the individual” (tailoring treatment) 37, 146
analgesic “by the mouth” (route of administration) 37, 146
alternative opioids and dosage forms 146
definition 8
dosage guidelines 48–50 C
inadequate analgesic effect 146 cancer
non-opioid (see also specific medicines) 37 pain 13
opioid (see also specific medicines) 37, 134 acute 24
country planning/procurement 133 persisting 25
dosing progression of disease 24
“as needed” 40 tumour-related 24–25
as required 40 use of transdermal fentanyl, GRADE table 121
“by the clock” 40 prevention and control 55
large doses if necessary 41 WHA resolution 58.22 55
no upper dosage limit 41 cancer treatment, pain from ~ 13, 24–25
starting dose 41 carbamazepine
intermediate potency, research needed 129 in neuropathic pain 51
intramuscular administration, avoid 146 clinical question 97
oral administration 146 child
routine rotation not recommended 146 definition 8
side-effects dosage table 49
confusion 41 choice of alternative routes of
intolerable 38, 146 admininstration (Rec. 14) 45, 92–93, 146
nausea 41 civil society 131
sedation 41 codeine
vomiting 41 active metabolite 39
switching 146 analgesic effect 39
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification of as analgesic in young children 39
medicine GRADE profiles 106
acronym 7 metabolism (inter-individual,
definition 8 inter-ethnic differences) 39
anticonvulsants in neuropathic pain 51, 147 musculoskeletal trauma, ~ versus ibuprofen,
antidepressants, use as adjuvant medication, GRADE table 106
clinical question 96 observational studies 126–127
approach ibuprofen versus codeine + paracetamol 127
comprehensive 37, 146 response to 39
multimodal 13 three-step ladder 39

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