Page 530 Acute Pain Management

older patients................................................ 396–407 orofacial pain ........................................................ 273
analgesic agents................................................ 402 otitis media ....................................................275, 352
assessment of pain ................................... 400–402
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes outcome measures ........................................... 40–42
............................................................... 397–98 adverse symptoms and events........................... 41
physiology of pain..................................... 398–400 emotional functioning........................................ 41
pain..................................................................... 40
opioid tolerance .............................................. 422–27
oxycodone............................................................... 59
opioids............................................................... 55–71
adverse effects.............................................. 62–70 pain
children....................................................... 350–52 adverse physiological effects........................ 16–18
choice.................................................................. 55 adverse psychological effects............................. 21
controlled‐release............................................. 154 effects on injury‐induced organ dysfunction ..... 19
dose .............................................................. 61–62 functional impact ............................................... 38
emergency department.................................... 290 physiology ........................................................ 1–6
epidural..................................................... 128, 184 psychological aspects ....................................... 6–9
immediate‐release............................................ 153 pain assessment................................................ 34–35
inhaled.............................................................. 163 children....................................................... 336–42
intramuscular.............................................. 157–58 neonates..................................................... 337–38
intranasal.......................................................... 161 older patients ........................................... 400–402
intrathecal......................................................... 126
intrathecal analgesia................................... 190–92 pain coping strategies........................................... 225
intravenous................................................. 155–56 pain history ............................................................. 35
continuous....................................................156 pain measurement............. 35–39, See also outcome
intermittent..................................................155 measures
lactation.................................................... 391, 392 categorical scales................................................ 36
neuraxial ..................................................... 126–29 children....................................................... 338–39
older patients.................................................... 403 multidimensional measures ......................... 38–39
oral.............................................................. 153–54 numerical scales ................................................. 37
patient‐controlled analgesia....................... 172–73 older patients ................................................... 401
peripheral ................................................... 131–32 patients with special needs................................ 39
pregnancy ................................................. 381, 384 unidimensional measures ............................ 36–38
prehospital analgesia........................................ 295 pain pathways....................................................... 1–6
preventive analgesia........................................... 14
rectal................................................................. 158 pain perception..................................................... 1–6
subcutaneous.............................................. 157–58 pain transmission...................................................... 3
sublingual.......................................................... 162 pancreatitis ........................................................... 251
transdermal ................................................ 159–60
with local anaesthetic....................................... 184 paracetamol...................................................... 71–72
with local anaesthetics ..................................... 122 adverse effects ................................................... 72
children....................................................... 347–48
oral route ........................................................ 150–55 efficacy ............................................................... 71
coxibs.......................................................... 154–55 intravenous ...................................................... 156
nsNSAIDs..................................................... 154–55 lactation.....................................................391, 392
opioids ........................................................ 153–54
older patients ................................................... 402
paracetamol...................................................... 155
INDEX oral ulceration....................................................... 276 pregnancy..................................................381, 384
oral ................................................................... 155
tramadol ..................................................... 153–54
prehospital analgesia ....................................... 297
organisational requirements............................. 47–50 rectal ................................................................ 159
acute pain services ....................................... 48–50 paroxysmal hemicrania......................................... 268
general................................................................ 48 patient‐controlled analgesia........................... 171–81

482 Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence