Page 17 Volume 17 - N.1 - 2009
P. 17
Dor (2009) 17
5. Cole MG. delirium in elderly patients. AM J Geriatr Psychiatry. 20. Chan D, Brennan NJ. Delirium: making the diagnosis, improving the
2004;12:7-21. prognosis. Geriatric. 1999;54:28-42.
6. Inouye SK, et al.Clarifying confusion. The confusion assessment 21. Mach JR et al. (1995) Serum anticholinergic activity in hospitalized
method: a new method for detection of Delirium. Ann Intern Med. elderly with Delirium. A preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc;
1990;113:941-8. 43:491-495.
a
7. Lezak MD, Howieson DB. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4. ed. 22. Schor JD, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz LA, et al. Risk factors for delirium in
Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press; 2004 hospitalized elderly. JAMA. 1992;267:827-31.
8 Jorm AF, Christensen H. Do cognitive complaints either predict fu- 23. Duggleby W, Lander J. Cognitive status and postoperative pain:
tures cognitive or reflect past cognitive decline? A longitudinal study older adults. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;9:19-27.
of an elderly community sample. Psychol Med. 1997;27:91-8. 24 Lynch E, Lazor M, Gellis J, et al. The impact of postoperative pain
9. Rasmussen LS. Defining postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Eur J on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg.
Anaesthesiol. 1998;15:761-4. 1998;86:781-5.
10. Moller JT, et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the 25. Linnea et al. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain
elderly ISPOCD1 study. Lancet. 1998;351:857-61. management. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1267-73.
11. Lewis MS, Maruff P, Silbert BS, Evered LA, Scott DA. The influence 26. Harold et al. The role of postoperative analgesia in delirium and
of different error estimates in the detection of post-operative cogni- cognitive decline in elderly patients: a systematic review. Anesth
tive dysfunction using reliable change indices with correction for Analg. 2006;102:1255-66.
practice effects. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;21:421-7. 27. Herrick IA, Ganapathy S, Komar W, et al. Postoperative cognitive
12. Folstein MF, McHugh PR. Mini Mental State – a practical method for impairment in the elderly: choice of patient-controlled analgesia
grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatry opioid. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:356-60.
Res. 1975;12:189-98. 28. Silvasti M, Svartling N, Pitkanen M, Rosenberg PH. Comparison of
13. Parikh S, Chung C. Posoperative delirium in the elderly. Anesth intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol versus mor-
Analg. 1995;80:1223-32. phine after microvascular breast reconstruction. Eur J Anaesthesiol
14. Canet J, Raeder J, Rasmussen LS, et al. Cognitive dysfunction after 2000;17:448-55.
minor surgery in the elderly. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:1204-10. 29. Morrison RS, Magaziner J, Gilbert M, et al . Relationship between
15. Rasmessen LS, et al. Does anaesthesia cause postoperative cognitive pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following
dysfunction? A randomised study of regional vs general anesthesia hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58:76-81.
in 438 elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:260-6. 30. Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L, et al. The relationship of
16. Rasmussen LS, et al. The assessment of postoperative cognitive postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA.
function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:275-89. 1994;272:1518-22.
17. Dyer CB, Ashton CM, Teasdale TA. Postoperative delirium: a review of 31. Mann C, Pouzeratte Y, Boccara G, et al. Comparison of intravenous
80 primary data – collection studies. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:461-5. or epidural patient-controlled analgesia in the elderly after major
18. Dodds C, Allison J. Postoperative cognitive deficit in the elderly abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:433-41.
surgical patient. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81:449-62. 32. Williams-Russo P, Urquhart B, Sharrock N, Charlson M. Postopera-
19. Lindesay J, Macdonald A, Starke I. Delirium in the Elderly. Oxford: tive delirium: predictors and prognosis in elderly orthopedic pa-
Oxford University; 1990. tients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:759-67.
DOR
16